Indeed,
Bali is blessed with 150 rivers and streams that provide water year
round to irrigate this most important staple. Nonetheless, irrigation of
the ricefields would not be successful unless man also has a hand in
it. Ancient inscriptions recorded the digging of an irrigation tunnel
back in the year 944 AD. The complex irrigation system is complemented
by a network of irrigation channels that distribute the waters to each
and every paddy field.
Travel to Tegallalang some 15 km north of Ubud, or wander to the eastern slopes of imposing Mt. Agung at Amlapura by the village of Abang, and stand in awe at the wonderful spectacle of rich green ricefields undulating over valleys and across mountains.
Uniquely,
Bali’s complex irrigation system has its roots not by order of kings,
but its management is very much in the hands of the villagers through
village cooperatives, called “Subak”. Since farmers depend on the
successful irrigation of the fields, the different Subaks form an
inseparable bond that unites into a single system. This unique system
has been handed down the generations for over a thousand years, whose
results can be admired in the wonderful terraced ricefields of Bali.
At the
lowest level, each farmer is a member of a subak, whose ricefields is
fed from a single dam. The head of the Subak, called the Klian Subak is elected by its members. In the larger subak that are fed by a canal, the lowest level is called the tempek. The subaks, in turn are linked to mountain temples or pura masceti, which come under the sway of one of two lake temples, these are the Pura Batu Kau which coordinates irrigation in West Bali, and Pura Ulun Danau which coordinates the north, east and south of Bali.
Water
temples hold festivals every 105 days, corresponding with the 105 days
rice-growing season in Bali. This cycle also determines the time of
opening and closing of canal sluises, ensuring that plantings are
staggered and that water is allocated in the most efficient and
equitable manner.
However,
every decision is always discussed at members’ meetings and unanimously
agreed upon then carried down to each subak. In turn the subak then
call their members together so that each member can decide when to start
planting. Farmers then start planting in consecutive manner after every
10 days. (Indonesian Heritage: The Human Environment, Archipelago Press).
The
Subak of course relates exclusively to irrigated ricefields, called
“sawah”, other fields are rain-fed, and are known as tegalan.
In Indonesia, and especially on Java and Bali, Rice
is not only a staple diet, but it stands synonymous with the word Food.
No meal is complete without rice. Rice is also an essential part of
social and religious ceremonies, since Rice in essence forms the
lifeblood of the community.
The
goddess of Rice is known as Bhatari Sri, or the mother of Rice. As the
Indonesian archipelago’s staple food, Dewi Sri is not only venerated in
Bali, but also on Java and other rice-producing islands.
Combining
sacred traditional values and a highly organized system, therefore, the
Subak, the unique Balinese rice farming culture is a manifestation of the Balinese Tri Hita Karana cosmological
doctrine. It is the tangible reflection of the original Balinese ideas
and beliefs that are essentially rooted in this concept, namely the
awareness that human beings need to always maintain harmonious
relationship between Man and God, Man and fellow humans, and between Man
and Nature in one’s daily life. Such particular concept is in fact
evident in the Balinese creative genius and unique cultural traditions
resulting from the long human interaction, especially between the
Balinese and the Hindu culture.
All the
cluster sites of the Cultural Landscape also directly demonstrate the
capability of the Balinese to make their unique cosmological doctrines a
reality, practiced in their daily life through spatial planning and
land use (cultural landscape), settlement arrangements, architecture,
ceremonies and rituals, art, as well as social organization. Indeed the
implementation of the concept has evidently generated a beautiful
cultural landscape.
For these reasons, UNESCO has designated the “Subak” – Bali’s Cultural Landscape – as World Heritage in St. Petersburg, Russia on 20 June 2012.
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